Prosthetic heart valve having multi-level sealing member

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of a prosthetic heart valve are disclosed. An implantable prosthetic valve may be radially collapsible to a collapsed configuration and radially expandable to an expanded configuration. The prosthetic valve may comprise an annular frame, a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and a plurality of outer skirts positioned around an outer surface of the frame, each outer skirt comprising an inflow edge secured to the frame and an outflow edge secured at intervals to the frame. The plurality of outer skirts may include a first outer skirt and a second outer skirt, wherein in the expanded configuration the first and second outer skirts include openings unsecured to the frame between the intervals. The inflow edge of the first annular outer skirt may be secured to the frame with sutures including radiopaque material. The first annular outer skirt may include radiopaque dye.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/425,029, filed on Feb. 6, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/294,739, filed Feb. 12, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure concerns embodiments of a prosthetic heart valve.

BACKGROUND

The human heart can suffer from various valvular diseases. These valvular diseases can result in significant malfunctioning of the heart and ultimately require replacement of the native valve with an artificial valve. There are a number of known artificial valves and a number of known methods of implanting these artificial valves in humans.

Various surgical techniques may be used to replace or repair a diseased or damaged valve. Due to stenosis and other heart valve diseases, thousands of patients undergo surgery each year wherein the defective native heart valve is replaced by a prosthetic valve. Another less drastic method for treating defective valves is through repair or reconstruction, which is typically used on minimally calcified valves. The problem with surgical therapy is the significant risk it imposes on these chronically ill patients with high morbidity and mortality rates associated with surgical repair.

When the native valve is replaced, surgical implantation of the prosthetic valve typically requires an open-chest surgery during which the heart is stopped and patient placed on cardiopulmonary bypass (a so-called “heart-lung machine”). In one common surgical procedure, the diseased native valve leaflets are excised and a prosthetic valve is sutured to the surrounding tissue at the valve annulus. Because of the trauma associated with the procedure and the attendant duration of extracorporeal blood circulation, some patients do not survive the surgical procedure or die shortly thereafter. It is well known that the risk to the patient increases with the amount of time required on extracorporeal circulation. Due to these risks, a substantial number of patients with defective native valves are deemed inoperable because their condition is too frail to withstand the procedure. By some estimates, more than 50% of the subjects suffering from valve stenosis who are older than 80 years cannot be operated on for valve replacement.

Because of the drawbacks associated with conventional open-heart surgery, percutaneous and minimally-invasive surgical approaches are garnering intense attention. In one technique, a prosthetic valve is configured to be implanted in a much less invasive procedure by way of catheterization. For instance, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,411,522 and 6,730,118, which are incorporated herein by reference, describe collapsible transcatheter heart valves that can be percutaneously introduced in a compressed state on a catheter and expanded in the desired position by balloon inflation or by utilization of a self-expanding frame or stent.

An important design parameter of a transcatheter heart valve is proper positioning of the heart valve, for example on the balloon prior to inflation as well as at implantation location, so as to prevent final positioning of a reversed valve. A further important design parameter is minimization of paravalvular leak (PVL). PVL may include complications such as blood flowing through a channel between the structure of the implanted valve and cardiac tissue, for example as a result of a lack of appropriate sealing.

SUMMARY

An exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve may include an annular frame, a leaflet structure positioned within the frame, and two or more annular outer skirts positioned around an outer surface of the frame. The two or more outer skirts may each comprise an inflow edge secured to the frame and an outflow edge, wherein the outflow edges of the two or more outer skirts may define one or more upper openings allowing retrograde blood flow between the outer surface of the frame and the two or more skirts to create a plurality of regions of turbulent blood flow along the prosthetic valve.

Some embodiments of an implantable prosthetic valve may be radially collapsible to a collapsed configuration and radially expandable to an expanded configuration. Some embodiments of the prosthetic valve may comprise an annular frame, a leaflet structure positioned within the frame, and a plurality of outer skirts positioned around an outer surface of the frame. Each outer skirt may comprise an inflow edge secured to the frame and an outflow edge secured at intervals to the frame. The plurality of outer skirts may include a first outer skirt and a second outer skirt, wherein in the expanded configuration the first and the second outer skirts may include openings unsecured to the frame between the intervals.

In some embodiments, the inflow edge of the first outer skirt may be secured to the frame with sutures including radiopaque material. In some embodiments, the first outer skirt may comprise markings formed from radiopaque dye.

In some embodiments, the openings of the first outer skirt and the second outer skirt may be circumferentially aligned. Additionally and/or alternatively, in some embodiments, the openings may not lie flat against the outer surface of the frame and are spaced radially outward from the frame in the expanded configuration. Additionally and/or alternatively, the inflow edge of the second outer skirt may contact the outflow edge of the first outer skirt without any axial spacing between. The outflow edge of at least one of the plurality of outer skirts may be unsecured to the frame. The plurality of outer skirts may be positioned in series along the length of the frame between an inflow edge of the frame and an outflow edge of the frame. The axial height of a least two of the plurality of skirts may be the same.

Some embodiments of a prosthetic heart valve may include an annular frame having an inflow end and an outflow end, a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and an annular skirt mounted on the frame. The skirt may comprise radiopaque markings, which can comprise one or both of radiopaque sutures and radiopaque dye, to facilitate positioning of the prosthetic valve under fluoroscopy.

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a perspective view an exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve.

FIG. 2 shows a top view of the prosthetic heart valve of FIG. 1

FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of an exemplary frame of the prosthetic heart valve of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 shows a side elevation view of the prosthetic heart valve of FIG. 1 with the outer skirts removed to show the assembly of an inner skirt and valvular structure mounted on the frame.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary outer skirt laid out flat.

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the prosthetic heart valve of FIG. 1 showing the flow of blood on the outside of the prosthetic heart valve when implanted in a native heart valve annulus.

FIG. 7A is a side elevation view of a prosthetic valve having a plurality of outer skirts, according to another embodiment, in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 7B is a side elevation view of the prosthetic valve of FIG. 7A in a collapsed configuration.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of the inflow end portion of the prosthetic valve of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 9 shows another embodiment of a skirt laid out flat.

FIG. 10 shows the skirt of FIG. 9 secured to the frame of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For purposes of this description, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of the embodiments of this disclosure are described herein. Features, integers, characteristics, compounds, chemical moieties or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment or example of the disclosure are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. The disclosure is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The disclosure extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Although the operations of some of the disclosed methods are described in a particular, sequential order for convenient presentation, it should be understood that this manner of description encompasses rearrangement, unless a particular ordering is required by specific language. For example, operations described sequentially may in some cases be rearranged or performed concurrently. Moreover, for the sake of simplicity, the attached figures may not show the various ways in which the disclosed methods can be used in conjunction with other methods.

As used herein, the terms “a”, “an”, and “at least one” encompass one or more of the specified element. That is, if two of a particular element are present, one of these elements is also present and thus “an” element is present. The terms “a plurality of” and “plural” mean two or more of the specified element.

As used herein, the term “and/or” used between the last two of a list of elements means any one or more of the listed elements. For example, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” means “A”, “B,”, “C”, “A and B”, “A and C”, “B and C”, or “A, B, and C.”

As used herein, the term “coupled” generally means physically coupled or linked and does not exclude the presence of intermediate elements between the coupled items absent specific contrary language.

FIGS. 1 and 2 show perspective and top plan views, respectively, of a prosthetic heart valve 10, according to one embodiment. The illustrated prosthetic valve is adapted to be implanted in the native aortic annulus, although in other embodiments it can be adapted to be implanted in the other native annuluses of the heart (the mitral valve, pulmonary valve and triscupid valve). The prosthetic valve 10 may have one or more of the following components: a stent, or frame, 12, a valvular structure 14 and/or an inner skirt, or sealing member, 16. The valve 10 may also include two or more outer skirts, or sealing members. For example, the valve may include a first outer skirt, or sealing member, 18, a second outer skirt, or sealing member, 20 and a third outer skirt, or sealing member, 22.

The valvular structure 14 can comprise three leaflets 24, collectively forming a leaflet structure, which can be arranged to collapse in a tricuspid arrangement, as best shown in FIG. 2. The lower edge of leaflet structure 14 desirably has an undulating, curved scalloped shape. By forming the leaflets with this scalloped geometry, stresses on the leaflets are reduced, which in turn improves durability of the valve. Moreover, by virtue of the scalloped shape, folds and ripples at the belly of each leaflet (the central region of each leaflet), which can cause early calcification in those areas, can be eliminated or at least minimized. The scalloped geometry also reduces the amount of tissue material used to form leaflet structure, thereby allowing a smaller, more even crimped profile at the inflow end of the valve. The leaflets 24 can be formed of pericardial tissue (e.g., bovine pericardial tissue), biocompatible synthetic materials, or various other suitable natural or synthetic materials as known in the art and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,118, which is incorporated by reference herein. Further details regarding the structure of the leaflets and the technique for mounting the leaflets 24 to the frame and the inner skirt are disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2012/0123529, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The bare frame 12 is shown in FIG. 3. The frame 12 has an inflow end 40 and an outflow end 42. The frame 12 in the illustrated embodiment comprises a plurality of angled struts 44 arranged in a plurality of circumferential rows of struts along the length of the frame. One or more pairs of adjacent rows of angled struts 44 can be connected by vertical struts 46. The rows of struts 44 closet to the outflow end of frame 12 also can be connected to each other with a plurality of circumferentially spaced commissure supports 48 (for example, three) and vertical struts 46. The commissure supports 48 can be formed with respective slots, or commissure windows, 50 that are adapted to mount the commissures of the valvular structure 14 to the frame, as described in greater detail below.

The frame 12 can be made of any of various suitable plastically-expandable materials (e.g., stainless steel, etc.) or self-expanding materials (e.g., Nitinol) as known in the art. Alternatively, the frame can be mechanically-expandable. When constructed of a plastically-expandable material, the frame 12 (and thus the prosthetic valve 10) can be crimped to a radially compressed state on a delivery catheter and then expanded inside a patient by an inflatable balloon or equivalent expansion mechanism. When constructed of a self-expandable material, the frame 12 (and thus the prosthetic valve 10) can be crimped to a radially compressed state and restrained in the compressed state by insertion into a sheath or equivalent mechanism of a delivery catheter. Once inside the body, the valve can be advanced from the delivery sheath, which allows the valve to expand to its functional size.

Suitable plastically-expandable materials that can be used to form the frame 12 include, without limitation, stainless steel, a nickel based alloy (e.g., a cobalt-chromium or a nickel-cobalt-chromium alloy), polymers, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, frame 12 is made of a nickel-cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy, such as MP35N™ (tradename of SPS Technologies), which is equivalent to UNS R30035 (covered by ASTM F562-02). MP35N™/UNS R30035 comprises 35% nickel, 35% cobalt, 20% chromium, and 10% molybdenum, by weight. It has been found that the use of MP35N to form frame 12 provides superior structural results over stainless steel. In particular, when MP35N is used as the frame material, less material is needed to achieve the same or better performance in radial and crush force resistance, fatigue resistances, and corrosion resistance. Moreover, since less material is required, the crimped profile of the frame can be reduced, thereby providing a lower profile valve assembly for percutaneous delivery to the treatment location in the body.

The frame 12 can have other configurations or shapes in other embodiments. For example, the frame 12 can comprise a plurality of circumferential rows of angled struts 44 connected directly to each other without vertical struts 46 or commissure supports 48 between adjacent rows of struts 44, or the rows of struts 44 can be evenly spaced with vertical struts 46 and/or commissure supports 48. In other embodiments, the frame can comprise a braided metal.

The inner skirt 16 may have a plurality of functions, which may include to assist in securing the valvular structure 14 and/or the outer skirts to the frame 12 and to assist in forming a good seal between the valve and the native annulus by blocking the flow of blood through the open cells of the frame 12 below the lower edge of the leaflets. The inner skirt 16 may comprise a tough, tear resistant material such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), although various other synthetic or natural materials can be used. The thickness of the skirt desirably is less than 6 mil, and desirably less than 4 mil, and even more desirably about 2 mil. In particular embodiments, the skirt 16 can have a variable thickness, for example, the skirt can be thicker at its edges than at its center. In one implementation, the skirt 16 can comprise a PET skirt having a thickness of about 0.07 mm at its edges and about 0.06 mm at its center. The thinner skirt can provide for better crimping performances while still providing good perivalvular sealing.

FIG. 4 shows the frame 12, leaflet structure 14 and the inner skirt 16 after securing the leaflet structure to the inner skirt to the frame and then securing these components to the frame. The inner skirt 16 can be secured to the inside of frame 12 via sutures 26. Valvular structure 14 can be attached to the inner skirt via one or more thin PET reinforcing strips (not shown) along the lower (inflow) edges of the leaflets. The reinforcing strips collectively can form a sleeve, which may enable a secure suturing and protect the pericardial tissue of the leaflet structure from tears. Valvular structure 14 can be sandwiched between the inner skirt 16 and the thin PET strips. Sutures 28, which secure the PET strips and the leaflet structure 14 to inner skirt 16, can be any suitable suture, such as an Ethibond suture. Sutures 28 desirably track the curvature of the bottom edge of leaflet structure 14. The outflow end portion of the valvular structure 14 can be secured to the commissure supports 48. In particular, each leaflet 24 can have opposing tab portions, each of which is paired with an adjacent tab portion of another leaflet to form a commissure 54. As best shown in FIG. 4, the commissures 54 can extend through windows 50 of respective commissure supports 48 and sutured in place.

In FIG. 4, the inner skirt 16 terminates short of the commissures supports 48 and does not extend the entire length of the frame 12. In alternative embodiments, the inner skirt 16 can extend the entire length or substantially the entire length of the frame 12 from the inflow end 40 to the outflow end 42. Extending the inner skirt 16 the entire length of the frame 12 can be advantageous for use in securing the outer skirts to the frame at any location along the length of the frame.

Known fabric skirts comprise a weave of warp and weft fibers that extend perpendicular to each other and with one set of fibers extending perpendicularly to the upper and lower edges of the skirt. When the metal frame, to which the fabric skirt is secured, is radially compressed, the overall axial length of the frame increases. Unfortunately, a fabric skirt, which inherently has limited elasticity, cannot elongate along with the frame and therefore tends to deform the struts of the frame and prevents uniform crimping.

The inner skirt may be woven from a first set of fibers, or yarns or strands, and a second set of fibers, or yarns or strands, both of which are non-perpendicular to the upper edge and the lower edge of the skirt. In particular embodiments, the first set of fibers and the second set of fibers extend at angles of about 45 degrees relative to the upper and lower edges. The inner skirt 16 can be formed by weaving the fibers at 45 degree angles relative to the upper and lower edges of the fabric. Alternatively, the skirt can be diagonally cut from a vertically woven fabric (where the fibers extend perpendicular to the edges of the material) such that the fibers extend at 45 degree angles relative to the cut upper and lower edges of the skirt. The opposing short edges of the inner skirt desirably are non-perpendicular to the upper and lower edges. For example, the short edges desirably extend at angles of about 45 degrees relative to the upper and lower edges and therefore are aligned with the first set of fibers. Therefore the overall shape of the inner skirt may be that of a rhomboid.

As shown in FIG. 1, the valve 10 may include two or more outer skirts mounted on the outside of the frame 12. The two or more outer skirts may be assembled on the valve 10 outer diameter and may be positioned at different levels or locations along the length of the frame. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, the valve 10 may include the first outer skirt 18, the second outer skirt 20 and the third outer skirt 22. One or more of the first, second and third outer skirts 18, 20, 22 may be sutured to the inner skirt. Additionally and/or alternatively, one or more of the first, second and third outer skirts 18, 20, 22 may be sutured to the frame. Each outer skirt desirably comprises a tubular or cylindrical shape when mounted on the frame 12 so as to extend completely around the outer surface of the frame.

FIG. 5 shows a flattened view of one of the outer skirts 18, 20, 22 prior to its attachment to the frame 12 and/or inner skirt 16. The outer skirts 18, 20, 22 can be laser cut or otherwise formed from a strong, durable piece of material, such as woven PET, although other synthetic or natural materials can be used. The outer skirts 18, 20, 22 can have a substantially straight lower edge 30 and an upper edge 32 defining a plurality of alternating projections 34 and notches 36. While the illustrated embodiment includes three such outer skirts, the prosthetic valve can have two outer skirts or more than three outer skirts (e.g., four, five, or six outer skirts) in alternative embodiments. Each outer skirt 18, 20, 22 can have the same height (measured from the lower edge 30 to the upper edge). In alternative embodiments, the height of the outer skirts can vary from one outer skirt to the next.

As best shown in FIG. 1, the lower edge 30 of the first outer skirt 18 can be sutured to the lower edge of the inner skirt 16 and/or the first rung of struts 44 of the frame at the inflow end of the prosthetic valve. The lower edge 30 of the second outer skirt 20 can be sutured to the inner skirt 16 and/or the struts 44 of the frame 12 downstream and adjacent the upper edge 32 of the first outer skirt 18. The lower edge 30 of the third outer skirt 22 can be sutured to the inner skirt 16 and/or the struts 44 of the frame 12 downstream and adjacent the upper edge 32 of the second outer skirt 20. In particular embodiments, the lower edges 30 of the outer skirt 18, 20, 22 are tightly sutured or otherwise secured (e.g., by welding or an adhesive) to the inner skirt 16 to catch retrograde blood flowing between the frame and the outer skirts, as further described below.

The outer skirts 18, 20, 22 can be slightly axially spaced from each other along the length of the frame 12 so that there is some spacing between the lower edge of one outer skirt and the upper edge of an adjacent outer skirt. In alternative embodiment, the outer skirts 18, 20, 22 can be positioned relative to each other with the lower edge 30 of each outer skirt contacting the upper edge 32 of an adjacent outer skirt (except at the inflow end of the frame) without any axial spacing between adjacent outer skirts. In other embodiments, the axial spacing between adjacent outer skirts can vary along the length of the frame. In addition, the height of the outer skirts (measured from the lower edge 30 to the upper edge 32) can vary from one skirt to the next.

The upper edges 32 of the outer skirts desirably are secured to the frame 12 and/or the inner skirt 16 at spaced-apart locations around the circumference of the frame to form a plurality of openings 38 that can received retrograde blood flow. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the projections 34 of the outer skirts can be sutured to the struts 44 of the frame 12 and/or the inner skirt 16. As shown, the corners of the projections 34 of the first and second outer skirts 18, 20 can be folded over respective struts 44 and secured with sutures 52. The projections 34 of the third outer skirt 22 can be secured to the inner skirt 16 as shown or to the struts 44 at the outflow end 42 of the frame.

The notches 36 can remain unattached to the inner skirt 16 and the frame 12 to form the openings 38 during radial expansion of the prosthetic valve, as explained in further detail below. The outer skirts 18, 20, 22 may be attached to the inner skirt and/or frame such that the notches 36 and the openings 38 of the outer skirts 18, 20, 22 are aligned along the length of the valve (as shown in FIG. 1). Alternatively, the notches 36 and the openings 38 of one outer skirt can be angularly or circumferentially offset from the notches and the openings of another outer skirt. For example, the openings 38 of the first outer skirt 18 can be circumferentially offset from the openings 38 of one or both of second and third outer skirts 18, 20, 22 and the openings 38 of the second outer skirt 20 can be circumferentially offset from the openings 38 of one or both of the first and third outer skirts 18, 22.

Each of the outer skirts 18, 20, 22 may be secured to the frame 12 such that when the frame is in its expanded state, there is excess material or slack between the lower and upper edges 30, 32 of the skirt that does not lie flat against the outer surface of the frame 12. In other words, the outer skirts 18, 20, 22 can include excess material, which causes the skirts to billow outwardly as the frame foreshortens (i.e., shortens in length) during radial expansion.

When the valve 10 is deployed within the body (e.g., within the native aortic valve), the outer skirts 18, 20, 22 can cooperate with the inner skirt 16 to prevent or at least minimize paravalvular leakage. In another advantageous feature, the slack between the lower and upper edges of the two or more outer skirts allows the frame 12 to elongate axially during crimping without any resistance from the outer skirt.

The outer skirts 18, 20, 22 may lower the risk of paravalvular leakage (PVL) dramatically due to numerous mechanisms. PVL includes blood flowing through a channel between the structure of the implanted valve and cardiac tissue as a result of a lack of appropriate sealing between the prosthetic valve and the surrounding tissue. The disclosed valve may reduce PVL by means that are dynamic in nature (e.g. opening of the pockets), and others may be based on elements that are meant to impede flow by means of turbulence. An example of how the disclosed prosthetic valve 10 may reduce PVL includes the physical obstruction to the flow. In other words, the outer skirts can extend into and fill gaps between the frame 12 and the surrounding native annulus to assist in forming a good fluid tight seal between the valve and the native annulus. Additionally and/or alternatively, due to the openings along the upper edges of the skirts, retrograde blood can flow into the pockets and further open or radially expand the outer skirts with rising back pressure (e.g., diastolic pressure when implanted at the aortic position), similar to the action of a sail, to enhance the sealing of the skirts against the surrounding tissue.

Additionally and/or alternatively, in the long term, there may also be a biological cascade reaction that takes place that reduces PVL. In particular, fibrin deposition may initially seal the pores of the fabric material used for the outer skirts, which can lead to blood clotting, and in the long run, replacement of the outer skirts by fibrotic tissue.

Additionally and/or alternatively, another mechanism by which the outer skirts can reduce PVL is turbulent flow created by the skirt openings 38. Explaining further, FIG. 6 shows the prosthetic valve 10 deployed within the body (e.g., the native aortic valve). Arrows 70 represent antegrade blood flow that flows through the prosthetic valve 10 (e.g., during systole for the aortic position) and arrows 72 represent retrograde blood flow that flows in the opposite direction on the outside of the prosthetic valve (e.g., diastole for the aortic position). Retrograde blood can flow into the openings 38, which create regions of turbulent blood flow at each of the outer skirts 18, 20, 22, as represented by arrows 74. The turbulent flow 74 interferes with the generally laminar retrograde flow 72, thereby reducing leakage or regurgitation through cavities larger than the outer diameter of the outer skirts. In other words, the multiple outer skirts can induce a series of turbulent flow obstructions along the leak path with each opening along the length of the prosthetic valve at least partially interrupting and reducing retrograde flow. Thus, when placed in series, the openings can produce sufficient turbulence along the length of the prosthetic valve to prevent or at least minimize PVL. In this manner, the sealing members may functionally operate in a manner similar to Tesla's Valvular Conduit. Moreover, multiple obstructions along the length of the prosthetic valve provided by the skirts can promote clotting and biologic sealing with the native tissue.

A prosthetic valve having multiple outer skirts placed in series can take advantage of the potentially high ratio between the length and diameter of the potential leak channel defined between the outside of the prosthetic valve and the surrounding adjacent anatomy. At higher ratios, a greater number of such obstructions can be implemented, thus creating a better seal. Moving in a direction from the inlet to the outlet of the prosthetic valve, the implantation zone for the prosthetic valve can start at the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and end at the free edges of the native leaflets. The length of the potential leak channel can be maximized if the prosthetic valve extends along this entire interface. For example, the prosthetic valve can extend about 2-4 mm adjacent the LVOT and about 10-16 mm adjacent the aortic annulus and native leaflets. Thus, in this example, the anatomical sealing zone can be approximately 12-20 mm.

The number of skirts in the two or more skirts may be variable and may depend on valve design and on leak obstruction optimization. Additionally and/or alternatively, locations of the two or more skirts along the valve height as well as the height of each skirt may vary depending on the particular application.

FIGS. 7A, 7B and 8 show another embodiment of a prosthetic valve, indicated generally at 100. The prosthetic valve 100 can comprises a stent or frame 102, a plurality of outer skirts 104, 106, 108 positioned in series along the length of the frame, and a valvular structure (not shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 but can be the valvular structure 14). The prosthetic valve 100 can also include an inner skirt, such as the inner skirt 16. Each outer skirt can include a lower edge 110 secured to the outside of the frame 102 and an upper edge 112.

The outer skirts 104, 106, 108 differ from the outer skirts 18, 20, 22 in that the outer skirts 104, 106, 108 need not be connected to the frame 102 along their upper edges 112. As such, the entire upper edge 112 of each outer skirt can be radially spaced outwardly from the outer surface of the frame 102 when the prosthetic valve is deployed to form a continuous upper opening extending 360-degrees around the frame.

FIG. 7B shows the prosthetic valve 100 in a radially compressed state for delivery into a patient's body on a delivery catheter. In the delivery configuration, the outer skirts 104, 106, 108 can be folded against the outer surface of the frame 102. When deployed inside the body (e.g., after being released from the sheath of the delivery catheter), the stent 102 can radially expand and the outer skirts can pivot away from the outer surface of the frame, as depicted in FIG. 7A. The outer skirts, which can be formed from PET fabric or another suitable material, can be shape-set to pivot away from the frame when deployed from the sheath.

In lieu of or in addition to shape-setting the skirt material, the outer skirts can include a plurality of struts 114 that are pivotally connected to the frame at the lower edges 110 of the skirts (as shown in FIG. 8). The struts 114 can be formed from a shape-memory metal (e.g., Nitinol) that are configured to pivot outwardly from the frame to bias the skirts to their deployed state when the prosthetic valve is deployed from the sheath. Alternatively, the outer skirts can comprise a fabric weave that include relatively more rigid fibers or filaments or metal wires (e.g., Nitinol wires) extending in the axial direction (from the lower edges 110 to the upper edges 112) that bias the skirts to their deployed state.

In some embodiments, one or more of the outer skirts of the prosthetic valve may include multiple openings projecting from the frame of the prosthetic valve. The height and angle of each opening may be optimized to maximize flow obstruction. Additionally and/or alternatively, one or more of the outer skirts may include fringes at the upper edges of the skirt material to further perturb the leak flow. Additionally and/or alternatively, the roughness of the surfaces of the outer skirts (the inner surfaces and/or the outer surfaces) can be increased to promote flow perturbation of retrograde blood, thereby enhancing the sealing effect of the skirts. The surface roughness can be increased by forming the skirts from a fabric or textile comprising a pile (a cut pile or loop pile), similar to the weave of a towel or carpet.

The materials used to form the soft components of a prosthetic valve, such as the skirts and the leaflets of the valvular structure typically are not visible under fluoroscopy. Consequently, it may be difficult for the physician to confirm that the prosthetic valve is oriented in the right direction with the inflow end of the prosthetic valve positioned upstream of the outflow end of the prosthetic valve prior to deployment. This may be particularly problematic if the frame of the prosthetic valve has an axially symmetric shape (the frame is symmetric relative to a plane perpendicular to the frame length) so that it may be difficult to discern the orientation of the frame under fluoroscopy.

In particular embodiments, a prosthetic valve can have a skirt (which can be an outer skirt or an inner skirt) that has radiopaque markings to assist with proper orientation relative to the desired implantation site. FIG. 9 shows a skirt 200 having radiopaque markings in the form of, for example, vertical and/or horizontal lines 202, 204, respectively. The radiopaque markings on the skirt can also comprise various other shapes, such as diagonal lines, arrows, circles, etc.

The lines 202, 204 may be printed on the skirt fabric using a radiopaque dye. Additionally and/or alternatively, the lines 202, 204 may be formed on the skirt fabric using radiopaque sutures or threads. Both the dye and/or the sutures may include one or more radiopaque materials, such as platinum, platinum-iridium, gold and/or other metals. The radiopaque sutures can comprise, for example, conventional sutures (e.g., 6/0 sutures) coated with a radiopaque material or having radiopaque markings along the length of the sutures. Because the markings are visible under fluoroscopy, the physician can use the markings to confirm the prosthetic valve is mounted in the correct orientation on the delivery apparatus to prevent deployment of an inverted valve and to position the prosthetic valve relative to the desired implantation site.

FIG. 10 shows a prosthetic valve similar to that shown in FIG. 1 but with the skirt 200 mounted to the outside of the frame. In lieu of or in addition to the radiopaque markings on the skirt 200, radiopaque sutures 206 can be used to secure the lower and/or upper edge of the skirt to the frame 12. The radiopaque sutures 206 can be used to confirm the correct orientation of prosthetic valve and to facilitate proper axial positioning of the skirt within a calcified annulus during valve deployment. Additionally and/or alternatively, radiopaque sutures can be wrapped directly around or otherwise secured to selected struts of the frame, for example, the struts at the inflow and/or outflow ends of the frame or at the lower and/or upper edges of the skirt.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosed technology may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the disclosure and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Rather, the scope of the disclosure is defined by the following claims. We therefore claim as my disclosure all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims. 

We claim:
 1. An implantable prosthetic valve comprising: an annular frame; a leaflet structure positioned within the frame; and an annular outer skirt positioned around an outer surface of the frame, the outer skirt comprising an inflow edge secured to the frame and an outflow edge, wherein the outflow edge defines one or more upper openings allowing retrograde blood to flow between the outer surface of the frame and the outer skirt to create a plurality of regions of turbulent blood flow along the outside of the prosthetic valve; and wherein the outer skirt comprises a fabric formed with fringes that perturb the flow of blood along the outside of the prosthetic valve.
 2. The valve of claim 1, wherein the fringes are formed along the outflow edge of the outer skirt.
 3. The valve of claim 1, wherein the inflow edge of the outer skirt is secured to the frame with sutures including radiopaque material.
 4. The valve of claim 1, wherein the outer skirt comprises markings formed from radiopaque dye.
 5. The valve of claim 1, wherein the outflow edge of the outer skirt is secured at intervals to the frame and includes openings between the intervals that are unsecured to the frame.
 6. The valve of claim 1, wherein the one or openings do not lie flat against the outer surface of the frame in an expanded configuration.
 7. The valve of claim 1, wherein the outflow edge of the outer skirt is unsecured to the frame.
 8. The valve of claim 1, wherein the fabric of the outer skirt comprises filaments configured to bias the outer skirt to a deployed configuration.
 9. The valve of claim 8, wherein the filaments are Nitinol wires.
 10. The valve of claim 1, wherein the outer skirt is formed from a shape-set material configured to bias the outflow edge of the outer skirt radially away from the frame.
 11. The valve of claim 10, wherein the shape-set material is polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
 12. An implantable prosthetic valve, comprising: an annular frame; a leaflet structure positioned within the frame; a sealing member positioned around an outer surface of the frame, the sealing member extending continuously around an entire circumference of the frame, the sealing member comprising an inflow edge secured to the frame and an outflow edge; and wherein the sealing member comprises a fabric formed with fringes that perturb the flow of blood along the outside of the prosthetic valve.
 13. The valve of claim 12, wherein the fringes are formed along the outflow edge of the sealing member.
 14. The valve of claim 12, wherein the sealing member comprises markings formed from radiopaque dye.
 15. The valve of claim 12, wherein the outflow edge of the sealing member comprises alternating projections and notches, the projections being secured to the frame and the notches being unsecured to the frame such that each notch defines an opening.
 16. The valve of claim 15, wherein the openings do not lie flat against the outer surface of the frame when the valve is in the expanded configuration.
 17. The valve of claim 12, wherein the outflow edge of the sealing member is unsecured to the frame.
 18. The valve of claim 12, wherein the inflow edge of the sealing member is attached to the frame with sutures that comprise radiopaque material.
 19. The valve of claim 12, wherein the sealing member is formed from a shape-set material configured to bias the outflow edge of the sealing member radially away from the frame.
 20. The valve of claim 19, wherein the shape-set material is polyethylene terephthalate (PET). 